Martial Law in the U.S.: What It Is, When It Happens, and What You Should Do

Martial law is a term that evokes strong emotions—often fear, confusion, or suspicion. Whether you’ve heard the phrase in a movie, on the news, or through online chatter, understanding what it truly means and how it might affect you is essential. This guide provides an in-depth look at martial law in the United States, when it has been used, what it means for civilians, and how to prepare—just in case.

What Is Martial Law?

Martial law refers to the temporary imposition of direct military control over normal civilian functions or suspension of civil law by a government—usually in response to a crisis, such as war, natural disaster, civil unrest, or large-scale threats to public safety. Under martial law, military authorities take over law enforcement functions and may limit constitutional rights such as free movement, speech, and assembly.

It is typically declared by the President or a state governor and is considered a last resort. The purpose is to restore order and stability when civilian institutions can no longer operate effectively.

When Was Martial Law Last Used in the U.S.?

• Hawaii, 1941–1944: Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii was placed under martial law. Civilian courts were suspended, and military tribunals were used instead.
• Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957: President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent federal troops to enforce school desegregation orders and placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control.
• Los Angeles, 1992 (limited military assistance): During the L.A. riots, the California National Guard was deployed, and the military assisted in restoring order, though full martial law was not declared.

Full-scale martial law is rare in American history. Limited versions—such as the National Guard assisting during riots or disasters—occur more frequently and are often mistakenly labeled as “martial law.”

What Happens to Civilians Under Martial Law?

If martial law is enacted, civilians may experience significant changes in their daily lives. While the specifics would vary depending on the severity and location of the crisis, here are common implications:

• Curfews: You may be restricted from being outside during certain hours.
• Suspension of civil rights: Freedoms such as assembly, protest, and movement could be limited.
• Military presence: Armed troops may patrol neighborhoods, enforce curfews, and control checkpoints.
• Search and seizure: Authorities may conduct searches without warrants.
• Closure of public spaces: Roads, schools, and businesses may be shut down temporarily.
• Communication restrictions: Internet access and media broadcasts could be controlled or censored.

It’s important to note that even during martial law, constitutional protections still exist—though they may be temporarily curtailed. Any abuses of power can be challenged once the rule of law is restored.

What Should Civilians Do If Martial Law Is Enacted?

If martial law is declared in your region, the best response is to stay calm, informed, and prepared. Here are practical steps to follow:

1. Stay Home: Unless instructed otherwise, remain indoors. Avoid unnecessary travel, which may be restricted or unsafe.
2. Follow Instructions: Obey all legal orders given by law enforcement or military personnel.
3. Verify Information: Only trust reliable sources such as official government announcements or accredited news agencies. Avoid rumors and misinformation on social media.
4. Have Identification Ready: Always carry valid ID if you must leave home, as checkpoints may require proof of residence or employment.
5. Stock Essentials: Ensure you have enough food, water, medications, and supplies to last at least 14 days.
6. Keep Communication Open: Stay in contact with family and neighbors, and have backup power or battery options for your devices.
7. Protect Your Rights: Know that you still have constitutional protections. Document any unlawful actions if safe to do so.

What Events Could Trigger Martial Law?

Though rare, the following events could lead to a declaration of martial law in the U.S.:

• Widespread civil unrest: Protests or riots that spiral beyond the control of local law enforcement.
• Terrorist attacks: Major attacks that overwhelm emergency responders and create national panic.
• Natural disasters: Catastrophic events like mega-earthquakes, massive hurricanes, or supervolcanic eruptions could lead to martial law if state infrastructure collapses.
• Pandemics: A more severe viral outbreak than COVID-19 could prompt tighter controls over movement and supply chains.
• Cyber warfare: Disruption of the power grid, banking system, or communications could spark widespread chaos.
• Foreign invasion or war: If the U.S. were attacked on home soil, martial law might be used to maintain national security.

In any of these scenarios, the goal of martial law would be to stabilize the region until civilian governance can be restored.

How Likely Is Martial Law in the U.S.?

The likelihood of full martial law being declared in the United States is extremely low. The U.S. Constitution, federal laws, and long-standing democratic norms all act as barriers against misuse of power. However, localized versions of martial law—such as National Guard deployment during protests or disasters—are more plausible.

Still, the rise in political polarization, domestic extremism, and unpredictable global threats has made the topic more relevant than ever. As with any emergency preparedness scenario, the best approach is not fear—but readiness.

How to Prepare for Martial Law (or Any Major Crisis)

You can’t predict when or if martial law might happen—but you can prepare in advance. Here’s how to build your own readiness plan:

1. Build a 14-Day Emergency Supply Kit

• Water: 1 gallon per person per day
• Non-perishable food: canned goods, rice, pasta, granola
• Battery-powered or hand-crank radio
• Flashlights and extra batteries
• First-aid kit and essential medications
• Personal hygiene products and sanitation supplies
• Cash: small bills, in case ATMs go down
• Portable phone chargers or solar chargers
• Copies of important documents (ID, insurance, medical records)

2. Strengthen Your Home Security

• Reinforce doors and windows
• Install outdoor lighting and motion sensors
• Have blackout curtains and privacy measures ready
• Secure or hide valuables

3. Stay Informed and Connected

• Sign up for local emergency alerts (FEMA, city apps)
• Know alternative ways to get news if the internet fails
• Create a family emergency communication plan

4. Prepare Mentally and Emotionally

Emergencies create stress, fear, and uncertainty. Maintain routines as much as possible, keep morale up, and check on others—especially the elderly or vulnerable.

5. Know Your Legal Rights

Study the ACLU’s guide to civil liberties to understand what rights persist—even under martial law. Be respectful, but assertive if unlawful actions occur.

Conclusion: Awareness, Not Alarm

While the phrase “martial law” may stir images of dystopian chaos, it is rarely used in the United States and would only be enacted under extraordinary circumstances. Instead of worrying, focus on being prepared. Know your rights. Stock essential supplies. Keep your family informed and safe.

In a time when uncertainty is the only certainty, preparedness is your greatest peace of mind.

Prepared, not paranoid. That’s the goal.

Sources:
- Congressional Research Service (2020). “Martial Law in the United States: Its Meaning, Use, and Limitations”
- The Atlantic (2020). “What Martial Law Really Means”
- ACLU: “Civil Liberties During Emergencies”
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security: Ready.gov